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Has OnlyFans Sold Its Soul?

8/29/2021

16 Comments

 
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by David Hagenbuch - professor of Marketing at Messiah University -
​author of 
Honorable Influence - founder of Mindful Marketing 

When you were a kid, people probably asked you, “What do you want to do when you grow up?”  It’s unlikely that anyone ever asked what you wouldn’t be willing to do for a living.  However, that uncommon question may actually be the more important one; at least that’s what OnlyFans’ off-again-on-again sex saga suggests.
 
Those familiar with OnlyFans were surprised to learn that the London-based online subscription service known for risqué content had suddenly decided to ban sexually-explicit videos.  The move, which seemed analogous to Budweiser abandoning alcohol, made me wonder whether the purveyor of virtual vice suddenly had a moral epiphany that left it feeling convicted and compelled to reform its ways.
 
However, my online search for an ethical impetus behind the pornography ban came up empty.  It appeared that the main motivation came down to processing payments and keeping credit lines open, since some of OnlyFans’ banks had become increasing uncomfortable with transactions tied to the sex industry.
 
On one level, OnlyFans did act on a moral imperative, but it wasn’t a strategy it selected willingly; rather it was behavior compelled by others and tied squarely to revenue retention.
 
The idea that there had been no real ethical enlightenment became all-the-more apparent when, within a matter of a few days, the company reversed its stance and lifted the pornography ban.
 
Any of us can change our minds on ethical issues (I sometimes do), but for an individual or organization to go from “this is so right,” to “this is so wrong,” to “this is so right,” within a matter of days, defies most moral compasses.
 
So, whether or not we agree with OnlyFans’ recent choices, it’s hard to lend the company moral capital for any of them.  Instead, we’re back to the most basic business ethics question:  Is OnlyFans’ business model a moral one, i.e., Is it right to sell sex?
 
Of course, selling sex has been happening for millennia, which is why prostitution is known as “the oldest profession.”  Also, throughout that time a very wide variety of sexual expression has been sold, from actual physical intercourse to subtle innuendo in advertising.
 
Over so much time and across so many different cultures, there’s bound to be differences of opinion about what constitutes appropriate sexual expression and how, if ever, if should be commercialized.  My convictions, which stem from a Christian worldview, provide guiding principles that admittedly are filtered through my interpretation.  I respect others’ distinct judgments and bases for beliefs because I don’t have it all figured out.
 
Still, there are four arguments I often hear in favor of commercializing sex that are hard for me to appreciate for reasons I’ll explain:
 
1) Diversity and Inclusion:  In a tweet describing the reversal of its pornography ban, OnlyFans said:
 
“Thank you to everyone for making their voices heard.  We have secured assurances necessary to support our diverse community [emphasis added] and have suspended the planned October 1 policy change.  OnlyFans stands for inclusion [emphasis added] and we continue to provide a home for all creators.
 ​
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OnlyFans’ announcement reminds me of Frank Sinatra famously singing, “I did it may way,” as well as of many young people today saying, “You have to do you.”  All three sentiments suggest that what’s good is purely a personal decision, or what feels right for that individual.
 
Individuality is good in many ways, but personal diversity related to what a person does (i.e., their actions, behaviors) is different than who a person is (e.g., their race and gender).  Unfortunately, OnlyFans conflates the two.  People always deserve respect for who they are, but personal preference for what to do shouldn’t serve as the metric for what’s ethical.   
 
2) Free speech:  Reading and listening to interviews about the OnlyFans news, I heard several sex workers appeal to free speech, suggesting that what they sell is protected by freedom of expression.  In terms of U.S. constitutional law, it is true that not only words but actions, specifically symbolic ones, fall under the umbrella of free speech.
 
However, free speech doesn’t give the right “To make or distribute obscene materials” (Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476; 1957).  Granted, this prohibition is a legal one, not necessarily a moral one; still, it’s informative that those interpreting such important constitutional matters felt that free speech does not mean the right to say or do absolutely anything and that illicit expression is particularly deserving of censure.
 
3) Free Market System:  The interplay of supply and demand is effective for bringing about marketing efficiencies, but some seem to believe that if there are two consenting parties—a willing buyer and a willing seller—any exchange between them is inherently ethical.  Countering that notion is the moral axiom, “Just because you can, doesn’t mean you should.” 
 
In the vast majority of cases, sellers and buyer do self-regulate ethically; yet, there are plenty of instances in which parties to an exchange rationalize activities that most others say is wrong, e.g., murder for hire, distribution of illegal drugs, human trafficking, etc.  So, claiming that selling sex is okay because two collaborators want it does not hold much ethical weight.   
 
4) Jobs:  One of the greatest privileges a person can have is to do meaningful work.  Good jobs are important for individuals’ economic and emotional well-being, as well as for society as a whole.  However, in keeping with the previous point, not every job is a good job.
 
Some people make significant money and may even enjoy being arms dealers or animal poachers, but employment is not an absolute good.  What people do for pay matters.  A job that’s harmful to them or to others is not a worthwhile job.
 
It’s nice that sex workers can pay their bills, but there’s little or no redeeming value that sex workers can claim , i.e., “Here’s how we’re helping others and making this world a better place.”  If anything, sex work precipitates very adverse impacts, e.g., addiction, objectification, psychological scaring, and broken relationships.
 
Job security is one of life’s most motivating forces.  Many people will do almost anything to rationalize and retain their income stream, which evokes this article’s original question:  Is there anything you wouldn’t do for money?
 
Growing up and working in our family’s promotional products company, I clearly remember my father pulling aside calendar manufacturers’ catalogs that contained sexually explicit pictures and completely covering those pages with large decals so what was under them couldn’t be seen by our salespeople, our customers, or anyone else.
 
We could have done well financially marketing those lewd calendars to companies that wanted to buy them; however, my dad decided that offering them was not the right thing to do.  Selling sex was something he wouldn’t do for money.   
 
Although it may be economically advantageous, it’s morally unfortunate that people today can easily make money selling sex.  Hopefully, OnlyFans will at some point reconsider its largely illicit business model.  In the meantime, the company continues to be a purveyor of “Single-Minded Marketing.”
​
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Cutting Out Weight Loss Ads

8/15/2021

11 Comments

 
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by David Hagenbuch - professor of Marketing at Messiah University -
​author of 
Honorable Influence - founder of Mindful Marketing 

Have you ever felt self-conscious about your weight?  Most people probably have, perhaps because of someone’s casual comment or from comparing their figure to those of their friends.  Maybe an ad even contributed to the unease.  Marketers increasingly seek to affirm all physiques but is their support of body positivity delivering an unhealthy message?
 
It’s hard to think of inclusiveness of physical form without remembering Dove.  Through its 2004 “Real Beauty” campaign the personal care brand pioneered promotion based on the reality that beautiful people come in all shapes and sizes.
 
Since then, many other organizations have mirrored Dove’s body-positive approach.  Retailers like Kohl’s and Old Navy, routinely include plus-sized models in their ads, while Target and Macy’s employ variously proportioned mannequins to highlight similarly sized clothing.
 
Last month, the picture-lovers site Pinterest took body positivity a step further by announcing it would ban weight-loss ads. The social media platform explained that its decision was in the interest of individuals “facing challenges related to body image and mental health,” especially those suffering from eating disorders.
 
The first major social media platform to take such action, Pinterest’s unprecedented decision quickly received wide news coverage ranging from Fortune to NPR.

Most media cast Pinterest’s ban of weight loss ads in a positive light.  For instance, an NBC News opinion piece called the choice “a glimmer of good news” amid more typically troubling stories.
 
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It’s very encouraging that people increasingly recognize that everyone is different and that those differences can be celebrated.  But are all differences good differences?  Aren’t there certain behaviors that are objectively better for people to do, and others to avoid?  Furthermore, are some marketers, like Pinterest, encouraging people to celebrate differences that could actually be harmful to them and to society?”
 
These are difficult questions to answer in any context, and they become especially tenuous when treating a topic like body image, which so directly impacts everyone, both in individual, psychological ways and in social, relational ways.
 
In my early years, I was a somewhat ‘chunky’ child and experienced, more than once, critical comments about my weight, which were hard to hear.  As I grew older, taller and became more active, I lost weight, or maybe more accurately, didn’t gain much more.  Ironically, I now sometimes receive unsolicited comments about being thin, which admittedly are easier to accept; although, they still make me feel uncomfortable.
 
Despite, this personal experience, a middle-aged man like me is probably not an ideal person to offer insights about body image and the social norms that surround it.  When I feel ill-equipped to tackle an ethical issue on my own, which occurs often, I reach out to others who have different and frequently more informed perspectives.                         
 
In this instance, I needed as much help as ever, so I contacted several people who I knew would expand my perceptions by hearing their thoughts about Pinterest’s ad ban.  Here are highlights from three interactions:


1. A veteran registered nurse, and Baby Boomer, who works in adult primary care as a nurse practitioner posed two important questions that also have been on my mind: 1) How effective are weight loss ads, and 2) “Do they promote healthy behaviors or unhealthy ones?”  In answering both questions, she pointed me to a study published in npj Digital Medicine, which found that “online advertisements hold promise as a mechanism for changing population health behaviors.”    

She also referenced CDC statistics that show that from 1999 to 2018, the prevalence of obesity in the United States increased from 30.5% to 42.4%.  In her work, she sees firsthand how the effects of obesity, including diabetes and hypertension, can lead to “even more life changing complications.”  She added:

 
“Weight loss is usually part of the treatment, and avoidance of obesity is usually preventative.  So, if clicking on weight loss ads is a behavior that leads to seeking out more information on healthy behavioral change, then by all means, keep the ads.”


2. A member of Generation Y who works in the food marketing industry had a somewhat different take on weight loss ads.  She said that her online scroll speed increases significantly in order to avoid the ads, which she says, “feel more personal as they poke at my self-esteem.”  However, she qualifies her aversion to the ads, adding:  

“I believe that weight loss products/services deserve to be advertised, but maybe in a way that’s sensitive to the cultural climate of body positivity/neutrality. I’m hopeful that these organizations could use that mindset as a framework guiding their ads, in a way that’s still effective at stopping someone’s scroll but acts as an invitation rather than a confrontation.”
 

3. A college student and member of Generation Z told me about his very significant weight loss: In just five months, this 6’ 3” young man lost 60 lbs., dropping from 260 to 200 lbs.  Given that his accomplishment came mainly from “drinking plenty of water and exercising 4-5 times a week,” it’s not surprising that he emphasized the importance of approaching weight loss as a serious undertaking that requires perseverance:  

“It is important to draw the connection between weight loss and hard work, the latter which must come first. It's about discipline, research, and taking your own personal initiative to develop an interest in personal fitness. You cannot simply buy a weight loss program and expect fat to magically remove itself from your body.”
 
Although he had no concern that society would suddenly become heavier if weight loss ads disappeared, he did express concern about any messaging that might normalize obesity:
 
“We will lose the idea of what is acceptable and what is not if we desensitize ourselves to what is normal. Being overweight is not a ‘normal’ state to be in, according to health professionals regardless of what ‘body-positivity experts’ have to say.  It is common, but not healthy . . . It is ironic that the body-positivity movement promotes every body type more frequently than the ones deemed most healthy by scientists and health professionals.”
 
Of course, the opinions of these three people don’t represent the full spectrum of perspectives on weight loss and body image.  They didn’t speak much to issues like anorexia and bulimia; however, I know each of them understands and empathizes with all who suffer from such eating disorders, as well as those who have been shamed because of their physique.  
 
At the same time, these three voices have expressed important points that perhaps seem contrarian, probably because they tend not to receive the attention they deserve.  For instance, they emphasized:
  • The right type of weight-loss advertising, that’s affirming and realistic, can be effective and beneficial.
  • Weight-loss is more a function of hard work and self-discipline than any quick fix.
  • No one should be made to feel bad about their body, but normalizing obesity is not helpful.
  • Although eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia are fairly common (1%-4% of the population suffers from them),  obesity is much more prevalent:  As mentioned above, in the U.S., 42.4% of adults were obese in 2018.  Also, unfortunately, the pandemic has seen an increase in obesity, with an average weight gain of 29 lbs., making people more susceptible to the dangerous effects of the virus, as well as other serious illnesses.
 
It’s unfortunate that we live in a weight-obsessed society.  Some marketers bear responsibility for helping to cultivate that preoccupation, e.g., by promoting unhealthy lifestyles that lead to excessive weight gain.  Others are culpable for perpetuating unrealistic physical ideals and impossible ways of achieving them.
 
Pinterest is right to act against specific advertising abuses that cause others to feel shame and that encourage eating disorders.  However, in embracing body positivity, the social media platform and others should be careful not to inadvertently endorse what is objectively one of world’s biggest problems, obesity, as doing so weighs in as “Mindless Marketing.”
​
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    David Hagenbuch,
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